Patients receiving chemotherapy have reported cognitive challenges including short-term memory loss and reduced executive functioning. While cognitive decline can be multifactorial and related to aging, depression, surgery, and other medications, there has been a steadily increasing body of knowledge showing a significant association between cognitive decline and chemotherapy administration. This clinical review summarizes patient-reported cognitive changes, support from neuroimaging and

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... ychological testing. The mechanism of action of and patient susceptibilities to cognitive decline are reviewed. Current behavioral and pharmacologic interventions are discussed. There is a need to identify patients at risk for developing chemotherapy induced cognitive decline and to screen for early signs of cognitive deterioration. The risk of cognitive dysfunction and possible interventions should be included in the informed consent discussion with patients who are undergoing cytotoxic treatments.