The origin, geological evolution, mineral deposition and uses of rare earth elements (REE) are discussed. It is shown how their nuclear, geochemical and chemical properties influencetheir behaviour in geological and industrial processes. Analysis is critical and the appropriate method has to be selected carefully. A geochemical and chemical insight is required to achieve the analytical aims which often require concentrations from ppm to 50% to be determined. Significant interferences exist. Various methods are reviewed.