This paper presents a formal verification framework and tool that evaluates the robustness of software countermeasures against faultinjection attacks. By modeling reference assembly code and its protected variant as automata, the framework can generate a set of equations for an SMT solver, the solutions of which represent possible attack paths. Using the tool we developed, we evaluated the robustness of state-of-theart countermeasures against fault injection attacks. Based on insights gathered

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... rom this evaluation, we analyze any remaining weaknesses and propose applications of these countermeasures that are more robust.