The health benefits of exercise have attracted substantial attention, because regular exercise can strengthen muscles and improve endurance. Physical activity is an integral part of an overall healthy lifestyle, which helps protect against chronic diseases, such as obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In consideration of the differences in duration, intensity, and type of activity of exercise, it is likely to involve different signaling pathways and bring different benefits in

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... ent tissues. Here we review our growing knowledge of exercise training adaptations and regulation in cellular processes related to energy metabolism, aging and autophagy, and many important findings remain to be discovered.