Hard examples for resolution

Alasdair Urquhart
1987 Journal of the ACM  
Exponential lower bounds are proved for the length-of-resolution refutations of sets of disjunctions constructed from expander graphs, using the method of Tseitin. Since these sets of clauses encode biconditionals, they have short (polynomial-length) refutations in a standard axiomatic formulation of propositional calculus.
doi:10.1145/7531.8928 fatcat:cztpl5x65reqfj4osj7w6bwc3m