The article, based on a wide range of documentary sources and research experience of domestic and foreign historians, shows the mechanism of those large-scale and contradictory changes that occurred in Dagestan society as a result of the implementation of the new economic policy pursued by the Soviet state in 1921-1928.Interest in the history of socialist transformations in Dagestan is again relevant, when on the one hand in modern historiography pays great attention to alternative ways of

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... opment of the country and the Republic, and on the other – post-Soviet changes in social development led to deplorable results. This makes it necessary to rethink the Soviet experience. The study was conducted by comparative analysis. Which showed that, in the specific historical conditions of Dagestan mixed economy, introduction of market methods of managing, elements of cost accounting and at the same time systematic financial and logistical support of the Soviet government became a catalyst for the destruction of the traditional way of the Dagestan society, its differentiation and change its social class composition, to a certain extent prepared Dagestanis to the adoption of the Stalinist model of the Soviet society development. The processes of transformation of Dagestan society are shown in the article, through the prism of the ideological struggle that took place in the leadership of the ruling party in the first decade of Soviet power.