The electronic voting machines known as Direct Recording Electronic (DRE), that are used in many states in the US have been shown to contain security vulnerabilities [16, 9, 3] . One of the problems is that the elections held on these machines cannot be independently audited. In this paper we address this issue by designing a new all-electronic independent audit framework for DRE voting systems. Our framework leverages system virtualization concepts and image recognition techniques to maintain

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... n audit of the vote totals. The architecture we present is a step towards meeting the software independence requirements as defined by Rivest et al. [21, 2] . We have implemented a prototype using the Diebold Accuvote TS DRE voting software and the XEN hypervisor and demonstrate that our system can achieve a robust election audit with negligible overhead.