Efficient building instance segmentation is necessary for many applications such as parallel reconstruction, management and analysis. However, most of the existing instance segmentation methods still suffer from low completeness, low correctness and low quality for building instance segmentation, which are especially obvious for complex building scenes. This paper proposes a novel unsupervised building instance segmentation (UBIS) method of airborne Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) point

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... ds for parallel reconstruction analysis, which combines a clustering algorithm and a novel model consistency evaluation method. The proposed method first divides building point clouds into building instances by the improved kd tree 2D shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm (Ikd-2DSNN). Then, the geometric feature of the building instance is obtained using the model consistency evaluation method, which is used to determine whether the building instance is a single building instance or a multi-building instance. Finally, for multiple building instances, the improved kd tree 3D shared nearest neighbor clustering algorithm (Ikd-3DSNN) is used to divide multi-building instances again to improve the accuracy of building instance segmentation. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed UBIS method obtained good performances for various buildings in different scenes such as high-rise building, podium buildings and a residential area with detached houses. A comparative analysis confirms that the proposed UBIS method performed better than state-of-the-art methods.