The underlying neuronal mechanisms sustaining motor recovery after stroke are still not completely understood. Changes in inhibitory and excitatory intracortical activity have been suggested as core mechanisms occurring after a stroke. Their supportive or maladaptive roles in the course of recovery are not completely understood; despite this understanding is critically important to better determine outcome, course of the recover and probably response to treatment. Concurrent TMS-EEG will be

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... oduced as an exciting method to study brain reactivity, TMS-evoked and induced oscillatory activity by means of single and paired-pulse TMS protocols in a large cohort of stroke patients to better understand recovery processes. Strong support will be provided for the usefulness of TMS-EEG in regard of the mentioned research questions. In more detail, the presented TMS-EEG findings will underline the critical role of dynamic changes of cortical (dis-/)inhibition to foster structural and functional plasticity and reduce impairment and promote long-term motor recovery after a stroke. This presentation will provide evidence for the exciting potential of TMS-EEG to provide markers to determine outcome and to help steer interventional treatment strategies to each patient. Furthermore, challenges and next developments required for clinical translation will be critically discussed.