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Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b: The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX

Lorenzo Pino, Jean-Michel Désert, Matteo Brogi, Luca Malavolta, Aurélien Wyttenbach, Michael Line, Jens Hoeijmakers, Luca Fossati, Aldo Stefano Bonomo, Valerio Nascimbeni, Vatsal Panwar, Laura Affer (+38 others)
2020 Astrophysical Journal Letters  

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We present the first detection of atomic emission lines from the atmosphere of an exoplanet. We detect neutral iron lines from the dayside of KELT-9b (T eq ∼4000 K). We combined thousands of spectrally resolved lines observed during one night with the HARPS-N spectrograph (R∼115,000), mounted at the Telescopio Nazionale Galileo. We introduce a novel statistical approach to extract the planetary parameters from the binary mask crosscorrelation analysis. We also adapt the concept of
more » ... on function to the context of high spectral resolution observations, to identify the location in the planetary atmosphere where the detected emission originates. The average planetary line profile intersected by a stellar G2 binary mask was found in emission with a contrast of 84±14 ppm relative to the planetary plus stellar continuum (40% ± 5% relative to the planetary continuum only). This result unambiguously indicates the presence of an atmospheric thermal inversion. Finally, assuming a modeled temperature profile previously published, we show that an iron abundance consistent with a few times the stellar value explains the data well. In this scenario, the iron emission originates at the 10 −3 -10 −5 bar level. Unified Astronomy Thesaurus concepts: Exoplanet atmospheres (487); Exoplanet atmospheric composition (2021); High resolution spectroscopy (2096)
doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab8c44 fatcat:6qfpho2nprcedjpi6gdch4uigu
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Lorenzo Pino, Jean-Michel Désert, Matteo Brogi, Luca Malavolta, Aurélien Wyttenbach, Michael Line, Jens Hoeijmakers, Luca Fossati, Aldo Stefano Bonomo, Valerio Nascimbeni, Vatsal Panwar, Laura Affer, Serena Benatti, Katia Biazzo, Andrea Bignamini, Franscesco Borsa, Ilaria Carleo, Riccardo Claudi, Rosario Cosentino, Elvira Covino, Mario Damasso, Silvano Desidera, Paolo Giacobbe, Avet Harutyunyan, Antonino Francesco Lanza, Giuseppe Leto, Antonio Maggio, Jesus Maldonado, Luigi Mancini, Giuseppina Micela, Emilio Molinari, Isabella Pagano, Giampaolo Piotto, Ennio Poretti, Monica Rainer, Gaetano Scandariato, Alessandro Sozzetti, Romain Allart, Luca Borsato, Giovanni Bruno, Luca Di Fabrizio, David Ehrenreich, Aldo Fiorenzano, Giuseppe Frustagli, Baptiste Lavie, Christophe Lovis, Antonio Magazzù, Domenico Nardiello, Marco Pedani, Riccardo Smareglia. "Neutral Iron Emission Lines from the Dayside of KELT-9b: The GAPS Program with HARPS-N at TNG XX." Astrophysical Journal Letters 894.2 (2020) L27