<p>This study examines how macro-determinants influence corporate bonds by firms in 90 developed and developing countries over the period of 1970-2013. Employing Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model, the study explores whether exchange rate variability and the openess of the economy have a significant impact on corporate bonds of firms. Specifically, it examines whether increased variability of exchange rates, increases the issuing of corporate bonds by the firms in these countries, or

more »

... her corporate bonds are used less by firms in countries where there is greater openness.<strong></strong></p>