An understanding of the role of genetic influences on dental traits is important in the areas of forensic odontology, human evolution and population variation. The aims of this study were: to calculate the frequency of occurrence and degree of expression of hypocones on permanent maxillary first and second molars in a sample of South Australian twins; to compare trait expression between males and females; to compare concordance rates for trait expression between monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic

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... Z) twins; and to fit genetic models to the data derived from twins and determine heritability estimates. Using stone dental casts, hypocone expression was scored on maxillary permanent first and second molars of 45 MZ twin pairs and 43 DZ pairs. Degrees of expression were scored from absence, through minor wrinkles or ridges, to very large cusps (score 0 – 5) using the standardized method of Turner et al. (1991). Hypocones were found to be more common and larger on first molars than second molars and there was a tendency for them to be larger in males although this was not statistically significant. No significant differences in occurrence or expression were noted between antimeres, with fewer differences observed between first than second molars. The percentage concordance for expression in MZ twin pairs was higher than in DZ twin pairs indicating a genetic influence determining the variation observed in hypocone expression. The most parsimonious model to explain observed variation was an AE model, incorporating additive genetic and unique environmental effects. Narrow-sense heritability estimates for both the first and second molars were high indicating that a large portion of the phenotypic variation could be explained by additive genetic effects. The greater range of phenotypic expression shown by the second molars compared with the first molars may reflect a common genetic liability that is modulated by differences in tooth size, location and/or developmental timing between these teeth.