We present a design for a high-performance low-cost solid-state disk (SSD). Ignoring garbage-collection costs, our SSD performs only 1 + ε physical accesses to NAND flash pages for every request of a page-size block by the host, for some small ε. This is true for all access patterns, including random writes, which are usually slow on low-cost SSDs. Garbage collection in all SSDs is determined primarily by how full the SSD is, and its cost is similar in most SSDs. The unique feature in our

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... is that it achieves high performance even with when the SSD contains only a small amount of RAM. In most SSD designs, this would imply low performance; in ours, it does not. A small RAM lowers the cost of an SSD with a given flash array. Our design achieves high performance with a small RAM using two innovative ideas. One is the use of a clever mapping data structure. The second is a host-assisted hinting mechanism that uses RAM on the host to compensate for the small amount of RAM within the SSD. This mechanism is implemented as an enhanced SCSI driver (kernel module). Our prototyping methodology is also a significant contribution. We simulate the SSD in software, using files to represent the flash array, but the resulting prototype is a working SCSI device that file systems can be mounted on.