Anterior segment ischemia(ASI)is a rare but serious complication after extraocular muscle surgery. Due to its complex clinical manifestations, it is easy to be misdiagnosed. If not treated in time, it may lead to blindness such as vision loss. This paper mainly reviews the concept, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, risk factors, diagnosis and treatments of ASI after extraocular muscle surgery, so as to improve people's understanding of ASI and minimize or avoid the occurrence of ASI in clinical work.