AbstractThe dynamics of ionospheric troughs that developed during a great geomagnetic storm on 11–13 April 2001 are studied using measurements of electron density obtained by the CHAMP satellite at an altitude of 410–465 km. Subauroral, mid-latitude and low-latitude troughs were observed at nighttime, sometimes simultaneously. The subauroral trough is usually defined as the main ionospheric trough, whereas the mid-latitude trough is associated with the magnetospheric ring current. It appeared

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... the beginning of the storm recovery phase around latitudes of 40°–45° GMLat (L = 1.7–2.0) and existed for a long period of time throughout the late recovery phase of the residual ring current at latitudes of 50°–55° GMLat (L ~ 2.4–3.0). For the first time, a low-latitude trough was revealed. It developed at latitudes of 34°–45° GMLat (L = 1.45–2.00) in association with the precipitation of energetic particles from the inner radiation belt.