Krishnan, P., A semantic characterisation for faults in replicated systems, Theoretical Computer Science 128 (1994) 1599177. We describe a process algebraic approach to the semantics of replicated systems. We extend a subset of CCS with a replication operator to model systems with replicated synchronous majority voting. Based on an operational semantics, we define a bisimulation semantics. As the bisimulation semantics does not characterise fault tolerance we define preorders, which introduces

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... hierarchy of faulty processes and fault-tolerant processes. We then show how a similar ordering on modal-p formulae can characterise the fault preorders.