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Nutcracker syndrome: diagnosis and therapy
2021
Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy
Nutcracker syndrome (NCS) is an extrinsic compression of the left renal vein (LRV) by the superior mesenteric artery (SMA) anteriorly and aorta posteriorly resulting in renal vascular congestion manifesting as hematuria, proteinuria, orthostatic hypotension, pain, or even renal dysfunction. Long-standing venous compression can encourage collateral drainage pathways through gonadal and pelvic veins, which may explain reported symptom and syndrome overlap with pelvic congestion syndrome.
doi:10.21037/cdt-20-160
pmid:34815965
pmcid:PMC8569268
fatcat:hazmd2nyi5hpvpkdnjxvvau4kq