Investigations of transcript levels on a genomic scale using hybridization-based arrays led to formidable advances in our understanding of the biology of many human illnesses. At the same time, these investigations have generated controversy, because of the probabilistic nature of the conclusions, and the surfacing of noticeable discrepancies between the results of studies addressing the same biological question. In this article we present simple and effective data analysis and visualization

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... ls for gauging the degree to which the finding of one study are reproduced by others, and for integrating multiple studies in a single analysis. We describe these approaches in the context of studies of breast cancer, and illustrate that it is possible to identify a substantial, biologically relevant subset of the human genome within which hybridization results are reproducible. The subset generally varies with the platforms used, the tissues studied, and the populations being sampled. Despite important differences, it is also possible to develop simple expression measures that allow comparison across platforms, studies, labs and populations. Important biological signal is often preserved or enhanced. Cross-study validation and combination of microarray results requires careful, but not overly complex, statistical thinking, and can become a routine component of genomic analysis.