A coupled Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) and ecosystem (CENTURY) modeling system has been developed to study regional-scale two-way interactions between the atmosphere and biosphere. Both atmospheric forcings and ecological parameters are prognostic variables in the linked system. The atmospheric and ecosystem models exchange information on a weekly time step. CENTURY receives as input air temperature, precipitation, radiation, wind speed, and relative humidity simulated by RAMS.

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... om CENTURY-produced outputs, leaf area index, and vegetation transimissivity are computed and returned to RAMS. In this way, vegetation responses to weekly and seasonal atmospheric changes are simulated and fed back to the atmosphericland surface hydrology model. The coupled model was used to simulate the two-way biosphere and atmosphere feedbacks from 1 January to 31 December 1989, focusing on the central United States. Validation was performed for the atmospheric portion of the model by comparing with U.S. summary-of-the-day meteorological station observational datasets, and for the ecological component by comparing with advanced very high-resolution radiometer remote-sensing Normalized Difference Vegetation Index datasets. The results show that seasonal vegetation phenological variation strongly influences regional climate patterns through its control over land surface water and energy exchange. The coupled model captures the key aspects of weekly, seasonal, and annual feedbacks between the atmospheric and ecological systems. In addition, it has demonstrated its usefulness as a research tool for studying complex interactions between the atmosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere.