This study aimed to examine the risk factors of childhood undernutrition in Indonesia. Determinants of childhood stunting were examined by using the 2013 Indonesia Basic Health Research Survey dataset. A total of 76,165 children aged below 5 years were included in this research. The analysis used multivariate multilevel logistic regression to determine adjusted odds ratios (aORs). The prevalence of stunting in the sample population was 36.7%. The odds of stunting increased significantly among

more »

... ys, children living in slum area, and the increase of household member (aOR = 1.11, 95%CI: 1.06–1.15; 1.09, 95%CI: 1.04–1.15; and 1.03, 95%CI: 1.02–1.04 respectively). The odds of stunting decreased significantly among children whose parents more educated (aOR = 0.87, 95%CI: 0.83–0.91 and 0.87, 95%CI: 0.83–0.9, respectively), who live in urban area, in a province with higher GDP per capita, and in a province with higher ratio of professional health worker per 1,000 population aged 0-4 years (aOR = 0.85, 95%CI: 0.81–0.89; 0.89; 95%CI: 0.79–1.00; and 0.99; 95%CI: 0.99–1.00, respectively). The study found that stunting resulted from a complex interaction of factors, not only at individual level but also at household and community levels. The study findings indicated that interventions should implement multi-level approaches to address various factors from the community to the individual level.