Large deviation of Φ s (ω) − I in most of the frequency range does not hold in engineering practice.(Unless variance of communication noise is very large, which is undesirable) 15 / 23 Replay Attacks Refining the Detector Large deviation of Φ s (ω) − I in most of the frequency range does not hold in engineering practice.(Unless variance of communication noise is very large, which is undesirable) Therefore focus on a particular frequency ω = ω h . Large deviation of Φ s (ω) − I in most of the

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... quency range does not hold in engineering practice.(Unless variance of communication noise is very large, which is undesirable) Therefore focus on a particular frequency ω = ω h .(Where the gain of the loop transfer function is high) 15 / 23