Without effective consultation and some public participation in decision making concerning river and coastal defences, outcomes are less likely to be acceptable, and local people may become disillusioned with the process (Myatt et al. 2003; Milligan and O'Riordan 2004). Given that there are various ways to facilitate inclusion, this research focuses on the reasons why local people do or do not get involved in flood management issues, and what might lead to more involvement. We use a mixed

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... approach involving a questionnaire survey, individual interviews and Q methodology. A survey of village residents identified current levels of knowledge and involvement in the local population. The measurement of levels of knowledge was considered to be an important prerequisite to involvement but other motivations and barriers were also sought. A cross-section of questionnaire respondents was selected to elicit statements for a subsequent Q-sorting exercise. Q methodology was used to identify different views on engagement which exist in relation to involvement in flood management. Finally, further interviews will be conducted with citizens associated with each perspective. The aim of the study is to inform the development of appropriate stakeholder engagement techniques that lead to increased, more inclusive participation amongst the public.