Collaborative learning activities are a key part of education and are part of many common teaching approaches including problem-based learning, inquiry-based learning, and project-based learning. However, in open-ended collaborative small group work where learners make unique solutions to tasks that involve robotics, electronics, programming, and design artefacts evidence on the effectiveness of using these learning activities are hard to find. The paper argues that multimodal learning

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... (MMLA) can offer novel methods that can generate unique information about what happens when students are engaged in collaborative, project-based learning activities. Through the use of multimodal learning analytics platform, we collected various streams of data, processed and extracted multimodal interactions to answer the following question: which features of MMLA are good predictors of collaborative problem-solving in open-ended tasks in project-based learning? Manual entered scores of CPS were regressed using machine-learning methods. The answer to the question provides potential ways to automatically identify aspects of collaboration in projectbased learning.