Topology and phases in fermionic systems

M B Hastings
2008 Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment  
There can exist topological obstructions to continuously deforming a gapped Hamiltonian for free fermions into a trivial form without closing the gap. These topological obstructions are closely related to obstructions to the existence of exponentially localized Wannier functions. We show that by taking two copies of a gapped, free fermionic system with complex conjugate Hamiltonians, it is always possible to overcome these obstructions. This allows us to write the ground state in matrix product
more » ... form using Grassman-valued bond variables, and show insensitivity of the ground state density matrix to boundary conditions.
doi:10.1088/1742-5468/2008/01/l01001 fatcat:wew5gy2inngg3mvm733l524mhe