imagery has very potential in terms of emergency response due to its gazing mode. However, only poor geometric accuracy can be obtained using the rational polynomial coefficient (RPC) parameters provided, making ground control points (GCPs) necessary for emergency response. However, selecting GCPs is traditionally time-consuming, labor-intensive, and not fully reliable. This is mainly due to the facts that (1) manual GCP selection is time-consuming and cumbersome because of too many human

more »

... entions, especially for the first few GCPs; (2) typically, GF-4 gives planar array imagery acquired at rather large tilt angles, and the distortion introduces problems in image matching; (3) reference data will not always be available, especially under emergency circumstances. This paper provides a novel emergency georeferencing framework for GF-4 Level 1 imagery. The key feature is GCP prediction based on dynamic RPC refinement, which is able to predict even the first GCP and the prediction will be dynamically refined as the selection goes on. This is done by two techniques: (1) GCP prediction using RPC parameters and (2) dynamic RPC refinement using as few as only one GCP. Besides, online map services are also adopted to automatically provide reference data. Experimental results show that (1) GCP predictions improve using dynamic RPC refinement; (2) GCP selection becomes more efficient with GCP prediction; (3) the integration of online map services constitutes a good example for emergency response.