With the rise of domain-specific languages (DSLs), research in language implementation techniques regains importance. While DSLs can help to manage the domain's complexity, it is rarely affordable to build highly optimizing compilers or virtual machines, and thus, performance remains an issue. Ideally, one would implement a simple interpreter and still reach acceptable performance levels. RPython and Truffle are two approaches that promise to facilitate language implementation based on simple

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... terpreters, while reaching performance of the same order of magnitude as highly optimizing virtual machines. In this case study, we compare the two approaches to identify commonalities, weaknesses, and areas for further research to improve their utility for language implementations.