Acknowledgments First of all, I would like to thank my four directeurs de conscience: Hanna Pitkin, the only person who ever taught me to write; Ken Jowitt, without whose lectures I would not have even thought of writing on Russia and whose zeal kept me going; Paul Rabinow, who provided constant methodological inspiration and who knew what the art of existence meant; and Reggie Zelnik, who unobtrusively but sternly held my theoretical fantasy within empirical bounds. Victoria Bonnell's graduate

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... research seminar at the University of California, Berkeley, was the place where for the first time I tried out my ideas on Foucault and Russia, and I owe her and other seminar participants my greatest thanks for their willingness to experiment.