The article presents the classification and description of speech and communication disciplines in their historical evolution and current state. The twentieth century can be called the era of communication, but it is obvious that communicative interaction ideas were described earlier in disciplines associated with practical speech. The normative sciences of speech should include grammar, rhetoric, logic, poetics, which originated in the "ancient cradle", and in the Russian cultural and

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... l tradition acquired an original image that cannot but be interesting to a foreign reader. Moreover, the Russian speech sciences have learned a lot from the European experience. At the same time, such original scientific directions have developed in Russia, the specificity of which comes from the very nature of the Russian language: literature, speech culture, functional stylistics. Since the 70s of XX century in Russia, not only restored the classic disciplines but prevalent are science communication by different names: the theory and practice of communication, Communicology, communication study, intercultural communication, etc. In parallel, analogues of Western sciences with an original national interpretation arose: pragmatics, imageology, public relations. Special mention should be made of the communicative teaching methods established for the practice of teaching foreign languages (and Russian as a foreign language), together with the original theory of describing the Russian language in order to teach it to foreigners. Many theories of Russian and Western scholars, in particular, general philology in Russia and Media Ecology in the West, which developed in parallel with similar communicative ideas, deserve attention 231 For researchers, international communication undoubted interest should cause the normative sciences in different linguistic traditions: wherein the Russian language has been the norm of speech, in the Anglo-Saxon tradition is present English Standard. Contemporary Russian linguists show great interest in Western colleagues' experience -see, in particular, the research of Germanova (2019). The listed speech disciplines are directly related to modern public speech practice: for example, Russian rhetoricians held an International Conference on Information and Digital Technologies in 2020 (Rhetorical traditions and communication processes in the era of digitalization, 2020); XXIV th International conference dedicated to teaching rhetoric and communicative activity of the teacher in modern language situation when you have to work on online or in different forms of Internet communication (Teaching rhetoric in the digital age, in 2021). The basic idea that inspires communication specialists is today it is difficult to distinguish between the idea of "speech" from the idea of "communication": a style of speech forms the lifestyle because it is an instrument of social control. The latter idea is close to Russia's new modern communication disciplines in the second half of the 20th century. It can only partially be asserted that Russian scholars' concepts were borrowed from Western European linguistics, but these concepts have acquired their appearance and character as often happens on Russian soil. First of all, it should talk about the theory and practice of communication. This was the name of most of the university courses taught, which proclaimed the idea of speech interaction, communication in the 1970-1980s. Today we can talk about the terminological diversity ("polyphony") of the names of sciences that are related to communication and are called: communication science, communicology, communication science, intercultural communication, although the very idea of communication is at the basis of all these sciences, and the science was simply called " communication". In our opinion, the very idea of communication, like the term itself, could arise only as a result of the emergence of a new texture of speech, called mass communication. The emergence and development of mass communication date back to the first half of the 20th century, and research on communication as an independent area of social sciences dates back to the 1920s -and they are undoubtedly associated with the technical development of communication media (Borisnyov, 2003, p. 7-8). In the latter, the media's most significant role has always been played -the media (newspapers, radio, television, cinema), therefore, most researchers, when analysing communication and its theories, prefer to talk about "the development of information means and systems." However, communication is certainly applied to all types of texts (verbal works), so you need to explore all kinds of oral and writing the second communication. Russian science (until the 1990s, Soviet science) developed in partial orientation and contacts with Western science, however, being "sociable and receptive" (Pushkin), it formed its approaches to the development of communication theory and some of its branches ... In our opinion, these should include: 1) the Theory of Communication (see works : Pocheptsov, 2001; Yakovlev, 2006; Nazarchuk, 2009 -the latter explores it in modern philosophy); 2) Communicology (under this term Sharkov explores communication, who wrote not only textbooks of communicology, but also a reference dictionary); 3) Communicativistics (this term has become popular, especially among Russian researchers, linguists, one of the most influential is the magazine "Modern communication study ", Ch. Editor https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.09.25 Corresponding Author: Vladimir I. Annushkin Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN: 2357-1330 232 Goikhman ). It is characteristic that the problems of the science of communication include general problems of the theory of communication; speech and intercultural communication; communication and education; image, advertising and business communication; communication on the Internet. Obviously, in the perspective of communication included problems many modern disciplines that have arisen in the new information and computer civilisation imageology (in parallel with the rhetorical theory of the creation of the speaker of the image), public relations, business communication (in parallel with the theory and practice of business communication) and etc. 4) Intercultural Communication -exists as a theory and practice of building effective communication between representatives of different national cultures: "the mission of intercultural communication is to harmonise the concepts of both linguistic theory and cultural theory" (Goikhman, 2020, p. 5). Cultural affiliation obliges each culture's representative when he enters into communication with another culture's carriers. Therefore, today we can talk about intercultural communication's crucial social function of establishing interpersonal ties. Simultaneously, there is also a pedagogical "applied" component in each of the listed disciplines, which consists of forming intercultural communication rules through teaching intercultural communication. So, Persikova outlines three rules of intercultural communication: "1. Information conveyed on a non-verbal level presents the most significant difficulties for interpretation by members of a different culture. 2. To achieve communication understanding, it is necessary to train active listening participants in intercultural interaction. 3. It is necessary to foresee and prevent possible errors in communication with representatives of different cultures. Otherwise, the planned intercultural contact may break down due to the negative impression produced "(Persikova, 2007, p. 35-65). Many more relatively recently formed sciences with practical application (the term "practical science" is not accidental) can be classified as communicative disciplines. The emergence of these disciplines is justified by changing communication conditions, the emergence of new conditions, and communication situations when technical means (media) dictate new theories. The theories themselves base new terminology on traditional ideas. By the way, this is how Lomonosov created new words in the context of the emergence of new Russian science in the 18th century. Let us take the following disciplines as an example: 1) pragmatics is defined as "an area of research in semiotics and linguistics, in which the functioning of linguistic signs in speech is studied" (Arutyunova, 1990, p. 389). The founder of pragmatics, Charles Morris, singled out in pragmatics "the relationship between linguistic expressions, their meaning and use in speech" (Morris, 1983, p. 39). When the founders of pragmatics write about language and its functioning laws, it is very similar to those they write about Russian scholars analyse suitable functional styles and function "language in speech" (Kozhina et al., 2008, p. 66-101). In any case, the thesis of " the use of language in the speech" and studies is, speech as a communication process, of course, with his new terminology is something new that brought in the idea of communication pragmatics of science and art analysis process of communication. So, pragmatics developed the theory of speech act, classification of speech acts, strategy and tactics of speech behaviour, trying to study all spheres of https://doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.09.25 Corresponding Author: Vladimir I. Annushkin Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN: 2357-1330 233 language, intentions and speech means of speakers, genres, and communication situations. The "new" science trying a new way to present the idea of the traditional classical rhetoric, for example, the pragmatic task communicant considered to draw attention to the main ideas of the text or the author of a creative manner; the same ideas of persuasion, embellishment, appropriateness of speech are discussed, only changed into new formulations and shifting semantic accents. So, instead of persuasion, it will be said about the "effectiveness" of speech, or instead of " adornment " -about expressiveness, instead of "appropriateness" -about "compliance with the super-task of the statement." The novelty in the shift in emphasis and creates new scientific direction. 2) imageology is undoubtedly predominantly a "communicative-speech" discipline since it is through communicative-speech means that "an opinion is formed in any group of people about a particular object (about a person, object, phenomenon) based on the image of this object formed in them". Although the idea of a particular object (person) is based on a set of semiotic means, for example, in imageology they speak of a " habitus image" (habitus -appearance, the external appearance of a person), but the primary attention is paid to the "verbal image" (Panasyuk, 2007, p. 21-27). 3) Public relations -also a new "speech-communicative" discipline, which arose from the need to form an opinion about a person, party, company, etc. Public Relations are also defined as public or public communication, although Russian companies, government structures, and public organizations need this science to apply to various communication types. It seems that the ideas of public relations came to Russia only in the 1990s of the perestroika years -see, for example, the textbook by Lukieva, where the following definitions are given, extracted from American-English sources: PR -promoting the establishment of mutual understanding and goodwill between an individual, an organisation and other people, groups of people or society as a whole through the dissemination of explanatory material, the development of exchange (information) and assessment of public reaction (Lukieva, 2006, p. 6). However, it should be noted that "public relations" have existed at all times, as Rozhdestvensky, citing examples of ancient societies of different times and totalitarian regimes. The dynamics of social, political and economic life are impossible without the need to convince the population or population groups of the advisability of stabilising or renewing or changing social management objects. This cannot be done without various types of dialogues, communicative activities of all types. However, we would like to give two more topical examples of developing the idea of communication in modern science and speech practice. The first is associated with the use of the term as "communication" in the methodology of teaching foreign languages. In the 70s of the twentieth century in the Russian (then still Soviet) science, the communicative method of teaching RFL -Russian as a foreign language was proclaimed. It was based on the idea of communication, which was innovative for that time, like communication, which should be taught to foreigners. Of course, it is believed that the communicative method to teach foreign languages. It is believed that the method was formed in the UK in1950s. However, it is clear that a national school of communicative method of teaching foreign languages was established in Russia. One of its critical areas of which was teaching Russian as a foreign language. Perhaps this peculiarity is associated with the specificity of Russian scientific terminology. The communicative technique is aimed primarily at the possibility of communication, interconnection, and https: //doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.09.25 Corresponding Author: Vladimir I. Annushkin Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of the conference eISSN: 234 practical use of the language. This is where translation difficulties lie in wait. The Russian word "obscheniye (a talk)" is usually translated into English as "communication", but it is loaded with many meanings for the Russian. Communication is considered a state or process of a successful "general" interaction (collective or individual) through speech. Therefore, the authoritative Russian Methodists connect communication with the idea of "dialogue", "communicativeness lies in the fact that our training should be organized in such a way that, in terms of its main qualities, features, it was similar to the process of communication" (Passov, 1991, p. 36). The main postulates of the communicative methodology are formulated as follows: 1) considering the individual characteristics of students; 2) speech orientation of the learning process; 3) learning functionality, i.e. all words are acquired in activity; 4) situational communication, i.e. connection with the context of the activity; 5) the novelty of the learning process. Let us turn to in the accumulation of teaching experience trials. The contribution of Russian scholars in the creation of a methodology of teaching Russian to foreigners is: 1) in a unique theory description of the Russian language from the standpoint of the methodology of its teaching, 2) in the formation of the real experience of communicative teaching, which summarises both in textbooks and in practical demonstrations of this experience. This experience is evidenced by the works of Khavronina, whom we dedicate our paper to ( Khavronina, 2019; Khavronina & Shirochenskaya, 2019). We see the second example of scientific intercultural and communication interaction in the birth of similar ideas in Russian and Western science. So, formulated Russian school of the Moscow University of the theory of general philology and cultural studies as a science of historical and cultural development of humanity in the form of technology evolution text creation (see: Rozhdestvenskiy, 1979) clearly echoes the Media Ecology Marshall (McLuhan, 1962; McLuhan, 2013), founder of communication theory. Several provisions, in particular, four kinds of literature (verbal works) -oral, written, printed, mass communication -Rozhdestvensky coincides with the preliterate culture, written culture, the " Gutenberg galaxy " (the period of printed communication) and the current stage of electronic means of communication, deduced by McLuhan. As McLuhan calls culture a "communication system" and Rozhdestvensky understood culture as a "form of communication". However, the comparison of the scientific terminology concerning the "ecology of language" and which was developed in Russia is also quite peculiar, since "ecology" began to be understood as its original meaning -the improvement of the "house" (the ancient Greek oikos ), i.e. society as a whole with the help of the device of verbal communications -see, for example, the Russian journal "Ecology of Language and Communicative Practice" (editor-in-chief Skovorodnikov).