Middleware is software that resides between applications, services, and their underlying distributed architecture and platforms. Middleware provides several types of capabilities to developers, including providing higher-level programming abstractions to support the development of applications and services; supporting end-to-end quality attributes, such as scalability, persistence, and security; and masking problems such as system failure and heterogeneity of languages, operating systems, and

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... tworks. Middleware has provided a key set of layers in distributed architectures since the early 90s, starting with the basic client/server model of distribution. Over the past several decades, there have been extensive innovations in middleware capabilities, with new paradigms and underlying systems technologies emerging. Significant developments during this time frame include the programming models associated with distributed objects, components, and,