We developed an architecture that automatically searches for and downloads Android applications from the Android Market. Furthermore, we created a detailed mapping of Android application programming interface (API) calls to the required permission(s), if any, for each call. We then performed an analysis of 141,372 Android applications to determine if they have the appropriate set of permissions based on the static analysis of the APK bytecode of each application. Our findings indicate that the

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... ajority of mobile software developers are not using the correct permission set and that they either over-specify or under-specify their security requirements.