Background: Despite growing evidence for the salutary effects of mindfulness-based programs (MBPs), there is limited understanding of the how, why, and for whom these programs work in the general population. To better understand these questions, one must implement design and data-analytic approaches that can elucidate potential mediators, mechanisms, and moderators. These variables explain the processes through which treatments, such as MBPs, produce change (mediators/mechanisms) and illuminate

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... in which contexts these programs work best (moderators). The extant literature has investigated these variables predominately in pre-post analyses of MBPs. However, there are other ways to explore these processes or 'pathways of change.' One option is to implement dismantling trials and investigate the effects of core components of MBPs (e.g. mindfulness practice). Understanding how key elements operate in isolation will help specify 'active ingredients' and how the MBP framework works on the whole. The primary objective of the current scoping review will be to comprehensively evaluate studies that have explored pathways of change in MBPs and individual mindfulness practices to further our understanding of how to best adapt these programs and maximise benefits across the general population. Methods: Five electronic databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Central) will be systematically searched for eligible studies. Studies will be included if they investigate a MBP or practice in the general population (adults aged 18 and over). Eligible studies must evaluate a proposed mediator, mechanism, or moderator of a MBP or practice. The following information will be extracted for charting: (a) Name of author(s), (b) year of publication (c) sample characteristics (d) sampling method (e) reported mediators, mechanisms, and moderators, (f) design approach, (g) data-analytic approach, (h) adherence to methodological requirements, (i) description of MBP or practice, (j) treatment dosage, (k) delivery mode, (l) effect sizes and outcomes. A qualitative narrative summary of the results will be described in accordance with the information extracted for charting.Discussion: The results from this review will help inform mindfulness teachers, researchers, and health-care professionals who intend to adapt MBPs or practices.Systematic review registration: Open Science Framework, DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/XJDSU