This paper proposes a bilevel optimization framework for time-dependent discrete road network design that considers health impacts. A general health cost function is proposed and captured in the framework. The function simultaneously considers the health impacts of road traffic emissions, noise, and accidents due to network expansion. To solve the problem, Artificial Bee Colony algorithm (ABC) is proposed to search the network design solutions of the upper level problem, while the method of

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... essive averages (MSA) and the Frank-Wolfe algorithm is adopted to solve the lower-level time-dependent land-use transport problem. A repairing procedure is proposed to remedy infeasible solutions. A numerical study is set up to illustrate the conflict between maximizing consumer surplus and minimizing the health cost. This paper also reveals a paradox phenomenon that with an increasing amount of emissions, the health cost is decreasing. Moreover, the existence of a health inequity between different residential zones is demonstrated. The Sioux Falls network is adopted to show the performance of the solution algorithm as well as the effectiveness of the proposed repairing procedure.