We isolated peptide aptamers against the surfaces of titanium and carbon nanomaterials. Here, we show applied researches of these peptide aptamers in nanobiotechnology field. TBP-1 is the peptide aptamer against titanium. We found that the peptide binds to Ag and Si as well as Ti. Furthermore, the peptide mediates mineralization of TiO2, SiO2, and Ag. Thus, TBP-1 is a bifunctional peptide, i.e., it is a binder and a mediator for mineralization. By utilizing this unique character of TBP-1, we

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... e established a novel method of nanofabrication, in which binding and mineralization by a peptide aptamer are alternately utilized to assemble multilayered nanostructures comprised of metal loaded cage proteins ornamented with Ti-binding peptides.