Non-linear externalities in firm localization
Giulio Bottazzi, Ugo M. Gragnolati, Fabio Vanni
2016
Regional studies
◆♦✈❡♠❜❡r ✶✼✱ ✷✵✶✺ ❆❜str❛❝t ❚❤✐s ♣❛♣❡r ♣r❡s❡♥ts ❛ ♠♦❞❡• ♦❢ ✜r♠ •♦❝❛•✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❛••♦✇✐♥❣ ❢♦r ♥♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r✱ q✉❛❞r❛t✐❝ ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t✐❡s✳ ❚❤❡ ♠♦❞❡• ❛♥❞ ✐ts ♥✉♠❡r✐❝❛• ❡st✐♠❛t✐♦♥ ♣r♦❝❡❞✉r❡ ♠❛♥❛❣❡ t♦ ❞✐s❡♥t❛♥❣•❡ •♦❝❛•✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t✐❡s ❢r♦♠ t❤❡ ✐♥tr✐♥s✐❝ ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s ♦❢ r❡❣✐♦♥s✳ ▼♦r❡♦✈❡r✱ t❤❡ ✐♥tr♦✲ ❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛ q✉❛❞r❛t✐❝ t❡r♠ ❝❛♥ ❛❝❝♦♠♠♦❞❛t❡ ❜♦t❤ ♠♦r❡✲t❤❛♥✲•✐♥❡❛r ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ❢❡❡❞❜❛❝❦s ❛s ✇❡•• ❛s ❝♦♥❣❡st✐♦♥ ❡✛❡❝ts✳ ■♥❞❡❡❞✱ ✐❢ t❤❡ q✉❛❞r❛t✐❝ t❡r♠ ✐s s✉✣❝✐❡♥t•② ♥❡❣❛t✐✈❡✱ ♦♥❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ r❡❛❝❤ t❤❡ ♣♦✐♥t ✐♥ ✇❤✐❝❤
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... ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❛♥ ❡①tr❛ ✜r♠ ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡s t❤❡ ♣r♦❜✲ ❛❜✐•✐t② ❢♦r t❤❛t s❛♠❡ •♦❝❛t✐♦♥ t♦ ❢✉rt❤❡r ❛ttr❛❝t ♦t❤❡r ✜r♠s✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s❡♥s❡✱ t❤❡ ♣r❡s❡♥t ♠♦❞❡• ❞♦❡s ♥♦t ❛ss✉♠❡ ❛ ♣r✐♦r✐ t❤❛t t❤❡ •♦❝❛•✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝❤♦✐❝❡s ♦❢ ✜r♠s ❛r❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❜② ♣♦s✐t✐✈❡ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s✳ |❛t❤❡r✱ t❤❡ ♠❡t❤♦❞♦•♦❣② ❛••♦✇s t♦ ❡st✐♠❛t❡ ✇❤❡t❤❡r ♦r ♥♦t t❤✐s ✐s ❛❝t✉❛••② t❤❡ ❝❛s❡✳ ❏❊▲ ❝♦❞❡s✿ ❈✶✷✱ ❈✶✻✱ ❈✺✶✱ |✸✵✳ ❑❡②✇♦r❞s✿ ❋✐r♠ •♦❝❛•✐③❛t✐♦♥✱ ❊①t❡r♥❛•✐t✐❡s✱ ◆♦♥✲•✐♥❡❛r✐t✐❡s✳ * ❊✲♠❛✐•✿ ❣✐✉•✐♦✳❜♦tt❛③③✐❅sss✉♣✳✐t❀ ❝♦rr❡s♣♦♥❞✐♥❣ ❛✉t❤♦r✳ † ❊✲♠❛✐•✿ ✉❣♦✳❣r❛❣♥♦•❛t✐❅✉♥✐✈✲♣❛r✐s✶✳❢r ‡ ❊✲♠❛✐•✿ ❢❛❜✐♦✳✈❛♥♥✐❅sss✉♣✳✐t ✶ ✶ ■♥tr♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❚❤❡ ✉♥❡✈❡♥ s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♦♠❡ s❝❛r❝❡•② ♠♦❜✐•❡ ❢❛❝t♦rs ♦❢ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ♠❛② ❞r✐✈❡ ❛•s♦ t❤❡ ✜r♠s t❤❛t ✉s❡ s✉❝❤ ❢❛❝t♦rs t♦ ♠✐♠✐❝ t❤❡✐r s♣❛t✐❛• ❞✐str✐❜✉t✐♦♥✳ ❋♦r ❡①❛♠♣•❡✱ ❡①tr❛❝t✐✈❡ ✐♥❞✉str✐❡s ❛r❡ ❝•✉st❡r❡❞ ❛r♦✉♥❞ ♠✐♥❡s✱ ❣✉s❤❡rs✱ ♦r ❣❛s ✜❡•❞s✱ ✇❤✐•❡ ❜❡✐♥❣ ✈✐rt✉❛••② ❛❜s❡♥t ✇❤❡r❡ t❤❡s❡ ♥❛t✉r❛• r❡s♦✉r❝❡s ❛r❡ ✉♥❛✈❛✐•❛❜•❡✳ ▼❛♥② ♦t❤❡r ✐ t❤❡r ✜r♠s ❜② ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ t❤❡ ♣r✐❝❡s t❤❡r❡❜② ✐♥✈♦•✈❡❞✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ❛♠♦♥❣ ✜r♠s ✐s ❝•❛ss✐✜❡❞ ❛s ❛ ♣❡❝✉♥✐❛r② ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t②✳ ❖t❤❡r✇✐s❡✱ ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ ✜r♠ ❛✛❡❝ts ❞✐r❡❝t•② ❛♥❞ ❡①❝•✉s✐✈❡•② t❤❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥♣✉ts ♦❢ ♦t❤❡r ✜r♠s✱ t❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ✐s ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ❛s t❡❝❤♥♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t②✳ ❚❤❡r❡ ✐s ❛ str✐❝t•② ♣r❛❝t✐❝❛• r❡❛s♦♥ ❢♦r ✇❤✐❝❤ t❤✐s t❛①♦♥♦♠② ✐s ♦❢ ✐♥t❡r❡st ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② ✇❤❡♥ t❤❡ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s ❛t st❛❦❡ ❛r❡ s♣❛t✐❛••② ❜♦✉♥❞❡❞✳ ◆❛♠❡•②✱ ✐❢ s✉❝❤ ✐♥t❡r❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝✐❡s st❛♥❞ ❛t t❤❡ r♦♦t ♦❢ t❤❡ s❡•❢✲r❡✐♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s t❤❛t ❛••♦✇ t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ s♣❛t✐❛• ❝•✉st❡rs✱ t❤❡♥ ♣♦•✐❝② ♠❛❦❡rs ♠❛② ✇❡•• ❜❡ ✐♥t❡r❡st❡❞ ✐♥ ✉♥•❡❛s❤✐♥❣ •♦❝❛•✐③❡❞ ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t✐❡s s♦ ❛ t♦ ♣r♦♠♦t❡ r❡❣✐♦♥❛• ❞❡✈❡•♦♣♠❡♥t✳ (❡t✱ t❤❡ ♣♦•✐❝✐❡s t❤❛t ♠❛② ❜❡ t❤♦✉❣❤t t♦ ❢♦st❡r ♣❡❝✉♥✐❛r② ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t✐❡s ❛r❡ ✈❡r② ❞✐✛❡r❡♥t ❢r♦♠ t❤♦s❡ t❤❛t ❝♦✉•❞ t❛r❣❡t t❤❡ ❢♦r♠❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ t❡❝❤♥♦•♦❣✐❝❛• ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t✐❡s✳ P❡❝✉♥✐❛r② ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t✐❡s ❝❛♥ •❡❛❞ t♦ s❡•❢✲r❡✐♥❢♦r❝✐♥❣ ❞②♥❛♠✐❝s ❛♥ t❤✉s t♦ s♣❛t✐❛• ❛❣❣•♦♠❡r❛t✐♦♥ t❤r♦✉❣❤ ❛ ♣r♦❝❡ss ♦❢ ❝✉♠✉•❛t✐✈❡ ❝❛✉s❛t✐♦♥ ❜❛s❡❞ ♦♥ t❤❡ ❛❝❝✉♠✉•❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ •♦❝❛• ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ✭s❡❡ ▼②r❞❛•✱ ✶✾✺✼✮✳ ❆s ❛♥ ❡①❛♠♣•❡✱ t❛❦❡ t✇♦ ♣❡r❢❡❝t•② s②♠♠❡tr✐❝ r❡❣✐♦♥s✳ ■❢ ♦♥❡ ✜r♠ ♠♦✈❡s ❢r♦♠ ♦♥❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ t♦ t❤❡ ♦t❤❡r✱ •♦❝❛• ✇❛❣❡s ❞❡❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡♣❛rt✉r❡ ❛♥❞ ✐♥❝r❡❛s❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ r❡❣✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥✱ t❤✉s •❡❛❞✐♥❣ ✇♦r❦❡rs t♦ ♠♦✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛s t❤❡ ✜r♠✳ ■♥ t✉r♥✱ ✇♦r❦❡rs ❛r❡ ❛•s♦ ❝✉st♦♠❡rs✱ s♦ t❤❛t ❝♦♥s✉♠❡r ❞❡♠❛♥❞ r✐s❡s ✐♥ t❤❡ ❞❡st✐♥❛t✐♦♥ r❡❣✐♦♥✳ ■♥ t❤✐s s❡♥s❡✱ t❤❡ •♦❝❛•✐③❛t✐♦♥ ❝❤♦✐❝❡ ♦❢ ❛ s✐♥❣•❡ ✜r♠ ❡♥❞s ✉♣ ❛✛❡❝t✐♥❣ ❛•• ♦t❤❡r •♦❝❛• ✜r♠s t❤r♦✉❣❤ ♠❛r❦❡t ❞❡♠❛♥❞✱ t❤✉s ❝♦♥st✐t✉t✐♥❣ ❛ ♣❡❝✉♥✐❛r② ❡①t❡r♥❛•✐t②✳ ❚❤✐s ♠❡❝❤❛♥✐s♠ ♠❛② ❦❡❡♣ ♦♥ ❛ttr❛❝t✐♥❣ ❛❞❞✐t✐♦♥❛• ✜r♠s ❛s •♦♥❣ ❛s t❤❡ ❣❛✐♥ ❢r♦♠ ❛♥ ❡①♣❛♥s✐♦♥ ✐♥ •♦❝❛• ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ♦✉tstr✐♣s t❤❡ •♦ss ❛ss♦❝✐❛t❡❞ t♦ ✜❡r❝❡r •♦❝❛• ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐♦♥✳ ❍❡♥❝❡✱ ✉♥❞❡r s✉✐t❛❜•❡ tr❛♥s♣♦rt❛t✐♦♥ ❝♦sts ❛♥❞ ✐♠♣❡r❢❡❝t•② ❝♦♠♣❡t✐t✐✈❡ ♠❛r❦❡ts✱ t❤❡ ✐♥✐t✐❛• r❡•♦❝❛t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ ✜r♠ ❝❛••s ❢♦r ♦t❤❡r ✜r♠s t♦ ♠♦✈❡ ✐♥ t❤❡ s❛♠❡ ❞✐r❡❝t✐♦♥ ❛♥❞ ❣✐✈❡s r✐s❡ t♦ s♣❛t✐❛• ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ✭s❡❡ ❑r✉❣♠❛♥✱ ✶✾✾✶❛✮✳ ■♥ t❤✐s ❢r❛♠❡✇♦r❦✱ t❤❡ ❣❡♦❣r❛♣❤② ♦❢ ♣r♦❞✉❝t✐♦♥ ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❝❤❛r❛❝t❡r✐③❡❞ ✐♥ t❡r♠s ♦❢ ❝♦r❡ ❛♥❞ ♣❡r✐♣❤❡r②✳ ❚❤✐s ✐s ❡s♣❡❝✐❛••② t❤❡ ❝❛s❡ s✐♥❝❡ t❤❡ ❛ttr❛❝t✐✈❡ ♣✉•• ♦❢ ❞❡♠❛♥❞ ❛❝ts ❛❝r♦ss s❡❝t♦rs✱ t❤✉s s✉❣❣❡st✐♥❣ t❤❛t t❤❡ r❡s✉•t✐♥❣ ❛❣❣•♦♠❡r❛t✐♦♥ s❤♦✉•❞ •♦♦❦ •✐❦❡ ❛ ❞✐✈❡rs✐✜❡❞ ❝✐t② r❛t❤❡r t❤❛♥ ❛s ❛ s♣❡❝✐❛•✐③❡❞ ❝•✉st❡r✳ (❡t✱ s♣❡❝✐❛•✐③❡❞ ❝•✉st❡rs ❞♦ ❡①✐st ✐♥ ❛r❡❛s t❤❛t ❛r❡ ♥❡✐t❤❡r ♣❛rt✐❝✉•❛r•② ♣♦♣✉•❛t❡❞ ♥♦r ❡s♣❡✲ ❝✐❛••② ✇❡••✲❝♦♥♥❡❝t❡❞ t♦ ♠❛r❦❡ts✳ ❖♥•② ❛ •✐♠✐t❡❞ ♣❛rt ♦❢ t❤❡s❡ ❛❣❣•♦♠❡r❛t✐♦♥s ❝❛♥ ❜❡ ❡①♣•❛✐♥❡❞ t❤r♦✉❣❤ t❤❡ ❞❡♣❡♥❞❡♥❝❡ ♦❢ ♦♥❡ s❡❝t♦r ♦♥ s♦♠❡ ✐♠♠♦❜✐•❡ ❢❛❝t♦r ✐♥♣✉ts✱ ❛s t❤❡ ❝♦♥tr✐❜✉t✐♦♥ ♦❢ ❜r♦❛❞•②✲♠❡❛♥t ♥❛t✉r❛• ❛❞✈❛♥t❛❣❡s t♦ s♣❛t✐❛• ❝♦♥❝❡♥tr❛t✐♦♥ ✐s ❡♠♣✐r✐❝❛••② ♠♦❞❡st ❛❝r♦ss s❡❝t♦rs ✭s❡❡ ❊••✐s♦♥ ❛♥❞ ••❛❡s❡r✱ ✶✾✾✾✮✳ ❚❤❡s❡ s♣❡❝✐❛•✐③❡❞ ❝•✉st❡rs ❝♦✉•❞ t❤❡♥ st❡♠ ❢r♦♠ ♣❡❝✉♥✐❛r② ✷
doi:10.1080/00343404.2016.1237770
fatcat:yd2tyvvg7jakze5re4dfji2xki