This paper explores human resource management and employment relationship in tourism and hospitality management. Specifically, human resource management policies are examined in a broad and holistic manner that links employment relationship to socioeconomic outcomes on workers welfare. A realist philosophy is used alongside case study methodology to explain underlying structures and mechanism that shape employment practices and pay. Results confirm critical human resource factors that are

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... in the tourism industry and hospitality. Most prominently lower pay and the lack of union representation. Since this is a case based exploratory research the results are not generalized to Botswana in entirety. Nevertheless, the implications of the findings indicate a need to revisit the private sector model with a view to consider other alternative pro-poor perspectives that would improve the quality of life for workers and promote their motivation. Stakeholder theory and community based cooperatives are possible options in this regard.