I have studied Black Woodpeckers (Dryocopus martius), especially with respect to behavioral observations, and through sonographic analysis of their calls , in central Europe (Gladenbach, Gammertingen, and Osnabruck in West Germany) from May 10 to the end of July 1985. I gave brief descriptions of habitats of Black Woodpeckers in Germany, followed by an analysis of sonagrams of kjah-, kurr-, kwih-, and kijak-calls, and the drumming of Black Woodpeckers in West Germany. These analyses were

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... d by a discussion of the communications among male parent and his fledged female, and compared sonagrams of kijak-and kwih-calls of the young bird with those of adult.