The results of cytological, silvicultural and selection research and DNA analysis of polyploid poplars are discussed in the article. Poplar clones were studied for productivity, the number of chromosomes, selection and testing of microsatellite loci for genetic certification of planting material. The study showed a high diagnostic performance of species, of individual genotypes and clones within species and hybrids on the basis of gene markers of polymorphism of microsatellite DNA.