examples of the pattern's use; • related patterns. In this paper, we review research results relating to the use of software design patterns and advocate knowledge integration perspectives on programming instruction. We also describe a number of components of instruction that would lead to more effective use of patterns and better integration of programming knowledge in general. Additional research suggests that students gain expertise in programming and other disciplines from a process of

more »

... edge integration. Students integrate their knowledge by adding new pattern-like chunks, sorting out these chunks, creating new chunks, and restructuring promising chunks [10, 16] . Patterns can potentially help to organize the examples and code they see as they learn to program. Not surprisingly, there have already been several reports of attempts to incorporate instruction about patterns into introductory courses [2][3][4][5] [22] [23] .