Modern nutrition is often characterized by the excessive intake of different types of carbohydrates ranging from digestible polysaccharides to refined sugars that collectively mediate noxious effects on human health, a phenomenon that we refer to as "carbotoxicity." Epidemiological and experimental evidence combined with clinical intervention trials underscore the negative impact of excessive carbohydrate uptake, as well as the beneficial effects of reducing carbs in the diet. We discuss the

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... ecular, cellular, and neuroendocrine mechanisms that link exaggerated carbohydrate intake to disease and accelerated aging as we outline dietary and pharmacologic strategies to combat carbotoxicity. Qualitative nutritional cues play a major role in determining physical shape and fitness. This applies to micronutrients that may have positive effects on human health (such as the minimally required doses of vitamins and other micronutrients including oligoelements and polyamines) (Madeo et al., 2018) or toxic effects, as demonstrated for trans-unsaturated fatty *