Electrodeposition was used to fabricate metallic CoNiCu and Cu nanotubes in polycarbonate membranes. The tubes were obtained from a low-efficiency CoNiCu electrolyte, critical to the evolution of tube formation. Tube wall thickness was assessed and alloy tubes filled with Cu metal demonstrated. A high-efficiency electrolyte was used to show the importance of the side reaction on the nanotube formation. Nanowires were obtained in the high-efficiency electrolyte while nanotubes were generated

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... the lowefficiency electrolyte. Both gas evolution, resulting from electrodeposition, and partial pore coverage on the bottom of the membranes accounted for the tube formation.