This paper is important because it explains how to create a grid-scale energy storage system (ESS) that makes, for the first time, wind and solar renewable energy-dispatchable, reliable and efficient. Existing and recent discoveries in battery technology are analyzed, with the most appropriate recommended for use in the new ESS. Additionally, an innovative time-shifting ESS design approach is presented that decouples electricity production from use, considerably improving total wind and solar

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... wer peak average capacity contribution values. This minimizes the need for expensive standby natural-gas combustion turbine peaker plants-thereby decreasing costs by 75%. Furthermore, this advanced ESS improves performance by making the interconnection grid more reliable and better able to handle changing customer demands, relieves transmission congestion, and decreases unscheduled power outages-and also provides ancillary services; thereby improving system-wide benefits by 30-to-40%, further reducing effective ESS costs, perhaps to zero.