Aim of the study The paper focuses on the introduction of nature-based solutions (NBS) into modern cities to control and counteract effects of climate change. The focal point was highly urbanised historic areas. The research was conducted in Kraków, the second-largest city in Poland, the development of which has been inherently entwined with the local fluvial network. Material and methods Historical analyses helped demonstrate that the fluvial network of Kraków is an interesting albeit

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... part of its heritage, often obscured by the traditional, rich cultural heritage of the city. Not only did the fluvial network play an essential role in the growth of the city, but it has also been part of the every-day life of its citizens and an increasingly important factor in improving the quality of life. Still, the flood risk it entails is aggravated by climate change. We analysed modern trends regarding the adaptation of cities to climate change and global NBS. We employed an in-depth map analysis to identify zones in the city where NBS has to be improved. The next step was to locate and characterise NBS components in the city with in situ studies. Results and conclusions The results suggest that the awareness of city administration and residents regarding preventing the negative effects of climate change has grown. Nevertheless, it is necessary to conduct integrated interdisciplinary activities in order to prepare Kraków for the changes to come and improve the quality of space and life while emphasising its heritage. The paper found justification for the integration and development of green and blue projects in Kraków.