Mono-resistant and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has been enhanced by delays in the identification of resistant strains. However, resistance gene patterns and the extent of monoresistant TB and MDR-TB in western Kenya is unknown. The objective of the study was to identify cases of mono-resistant TB and MDR-TB in western Kenya. Methods: Early morning sputum samples were cultured on Mycobacteria growth indicator tubes (MGIT) and incubated at 37 °C. Drug susceptibility testing (DST)

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... ing the SIRE® kit was done on ZN smear positive MGIT tubes and line probe assay (LPA) performed to identify specific mutations on the rpo B, kat G and inh A genes. Mutations on discordant samples were confirmed by sequence analysis. Results: The rpo B H526Y and the kat G S315T1 mutations were common in HIV positive patients (8 % and 18 % respectively) and that the S3I5T1 and S531L was the most common mutation in . Binary logistic regression, indicated that RMR TB is associated with HIV status (P = 0.025). Conclusions: Our findings showed that there is a potential association between RMR TB and HIV-1 status in western Kenya.