background: Activation of macrophages is central to the implantation of endometriosis (EM). We examined the hypothesis that macrophage depletion by intraperitoneal (IP) injection of liposomal alendronate (LA) could result in EM attenuation in a rat model, thus supporting the notion of the pivotal role of macrophages in EM pathology. methods: In this study, 90 rats were subjected to an EM model and were divided randomly into seven groups: five groups were treated by 4Â once-weekly IP injections

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... f LA (0.02, 0.1, 1, 5 or 10 mg/kg) and the other two groups received saline injections (control) or empty liposomes. Sham-operated rats also received empty liposomes. Depletion of circulating monocytes was determined by flow cytometry analyzes of blood specimens. Four weeks after the initial surgery, the number, size and weight of implants were recorded, adhesions were graded, macrophage infiltration was assessed and the peritoneal fluid was analyzed for monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa). results: Monocyte depletion following IP LA administration resulted in an inhibitory effect on the initiation and growth of EM implants, as expressed by implantation rate, adhesion scoring, implants' size and weight (.0.1 mg/kg LA, P , 0.05). Reduced numbers of infiltrating macrophages were observed in implants of the 1 mg/kg LA group. Peritoneal fluid MCP-1 levels were negatively correlated with LA dose (P , 0.001), whereas no significant correlation could be found for TNFa. conclusions: Macrophage depletion using IP LA has been shown to effectively inhibit the initiation and growth of EM implants, in a rat EM model. The clear dose-response effect may be viewed as a confirmation of the validity of the concept and encourages further study.