Private labor regulation emerged as an international governance tool to enforce international labor standards. More recently doubts have been expressed concerning the potential of these systems to effectively improve labor conditions in supply chains. The top-down auditing form of enforcing standards is considered not appropriate to enforce international labor standards. This article assesses whether the design of these systems can be strengthened in order to better enforce international labor

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... tandards. In this context, attention turns to systems which empower stakeholders such as complaint systems. The article discusses the possibilities and constraints of these systems.