In many nations, institutions of higher education have made considerable progress toward gender equality in academic careers. Nevertheless, very little is known about the representation of women in midlevel administrative roles, such as deans, who have responsibility for managing an entire group of academic departments and institutes, known as a faculty. These roles are ordinarily a step along the path to higher university management positions such as university headships, or presidencies,

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... women are now poorly represented: 19% at the top 200 universities in world rankings (Bothwell, 2020) and 14% at European doctorate-granting universities (European Commission, 2019). Research on challenges to women's advancement in managerial hierarchies has typically addressed the private sector. Evidence has supported both discriminatory recruitment to