It has been proposed that speech-motor activation observed during comprehension may, in part, reflect involvement of the speech-motor system in the top-down simulation of upcoming material [14] . In the current study we employed an automated approach to the analysis of ultrasound tongue imaging in order to investigate whether comprehension-elicited effects are observable at an articulatory-output level. We investigated whether and how lexical predictions affect speech-motor output. Effects were

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... found at a relatively early point during the pre-acoustic phase of articulation, and did not appear to be predicated upon the nature of the phonological-overlap between predicted and named items. In these respects effects related to comprehension-elicited predictions appear to differ in nature from those observed in production and perception experiments.