Background. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections are common in haemodialysis units. Moreover, some studies reported seronegative cases of viral hepatitis. We and others have previously shown an patients irrespective of hepatitis serology. HBV DNA, HCV RNA, HBsAg and HCV core antigen (HCVcoreAg) were quantified repeatedly in anti-HCV-and HBsAg-positive patients before and after haemodialysis. Results. No case of seronegative viral hepatitis could be identified. HCV RNA

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... as detected in 9 of the 11 anti-HCV-positive patients, while HBV DNA tested positive in all 7 HBsAg-positive patients. A decrease of HCVcoreAg was observed during four dialysis sessions in 8/9 patients (À24.4 6 22.7%, P < 0.001) parallelled by HCV RNA decline in most individuals (À10.1 6 48.6%, P ¼ 0.22). In contrast, HBV DNA and HBsAg declined only in 1/7 patients during all four independent measurements. The remaining six patients showed heterogeneous patterns of HBV DNA and HBsAg before and after haemodialysis without a significant change in mean HBV DNA and HBsAg levels (114 6 60.6% and À0.2 6 25.3%, P > 0.05, respectively). HCVcoreAg correlated strongly with HCV RNA (r ¼ 0.937; P < 0.001, n ¼ 72), while there was no correlation between HBV DNA and HBsAg (r ¼ À0.234; P ¼ 0.131, n ¼ 43). Conclusions. Seronegative viral hepatitis is rare in German maintenance haemodialysis patients. HCV RNA and HCVcoreAg decline during haemodialysis indicating a potential beneficial effect of haemodialysis during antiviral therapy of hepatitis C, which does not apply to HBV infection.