Background Owing to the remarkable evolution of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD), the application of spinal endoscopy is shifting from the treatment of soft disk herniation to complex lumbar spinal stenosis. This study aim to compare the surgical efficacy of a newly designed endoscopic visualized trephine and a conventional trephine for PELD with foraminoplasty for patients with single-segment lumbar disc herniation (LDH). Methods A total of 54 patients who were diagnosed with

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... ngle-segment LDH and received PELD with foraminoplasty at Xuzhou Central Hospital (Xuzhou, China) from January 2016 to June 2020 were included in this case-control study. Data related to the length of incision, amount of intraoperative bleeding, the time required to create the working channel, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score was used to assess low back pain and leg pain. Besides, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores were utilized to evaluate patients' pain intensity and their sitting and standing abilities. The X-ray fluoroscopy was performed to measure the horizontal and angular displacements of lumbar extension-flexion, and to evaluate the stability of lumbar spine. Results All the patients successfully underwent surgical procedures, except for two patients with injuries in the spinal nerve root of the responsible segment in the conventional trephine group, who were given nutritional supplements for nerve treatment. Besides, there was no significant difference in incision length and operative blood loss between the modern trephine and the conventional trephine groups. However, the time required to create the channel and the duration of fluoroscopy in the modern trephine group were significantly less than those in the conventional trephine group (34.24 ± 5.38 vs. 44.76 ± 6.37 min, P < 0.05). In addition, the VAS, ODI, and JOA scores significantly decreased postoperatively in the two groups. We also found no significant difference in horizontal and angular displacements of lumbar extension-flexion between the two groups pre-operation and at 3- and 12-month post-operation. Conclusion In spite of similar surgical efficacy of the two techniques, the newly designed endoscopic visualized trephine outperformed in terms of operation time and duration of fluoroscopy.