Increasing effort in brain image analysis has been dedicated to early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on neuroimaging data. Most existing studies have been focusing on binary classification problems, e.g., distinguishing AD patients from normal control (NC) elderly or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) individuals from NC elderly. However, identifying individuals with AD and MCI, especially MCI individuals who will convert to AD (progressive MCI, pMCI), in a single setting, is needed

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... achieve the goal of early diagnosis of AD. In this paper, we propose a deep ordinal ranking model for distinguishing NC, stable MCI (sMCI), pMCI, and AD at an individual subject level, taking into account the inherent ordinal severity of brain degeneration caused by normal aging, MCI, and AD, rather than formulating the classification as a multi-category classification problem. The proposed deep ordinal ranking model focuses on the hippocampal morphology of individuals and learns informative and discriminative features automatically. Experiment results based on a large cohort of individuals from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) indicate that the proposed method can achieve better performance than traditional multi-category classification techniques using shape and radiomics features from structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data.